The centre ring allows for easy access and added comfort for your dog. Registration application for OEPB registry will also accompany your puppy along with a small bag of food they are currently eating to make the transition as easy as possible.Puppies will not leave Rafter V until final payment is received! Most of these conditions are the result of poor breeding practices. Our clinics and workshops are designed for your needs. You will need to challenge them mentally to keep them from getting bored fun and unique toys are a great option. Total Exercise Needed Per Day: 30 Minutes. Skye is our little pocket beagle. These masterminds will do whatever they can to find extra food so make sure to keep all food out of reach. Snip is owned in partnership with Jeff Schwitzer. They happily snuggle with their humans whenever they are given the chance and will provide unlimited love to every member of their family. They love to explore the world and they have all the energy they need to do it.Take these adventurous pups on road trips, hikes, and even just simple walks around the park.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'perfectdogbreeds_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_17',118,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0')};One thing is certain, if you welcome a Pocket Beagle into your home you will always have a smile on your face. Our phone is always answered and emails returned as promptly as possible to assist with questions and concerns that arise as your puppy grows. Their large floppy ears frame their small faces beautifully. She is CKC registered and has multiple Field Trial Champions (Field Trial and Lure Coursing) in her lineage. We needed a breed sturdy enough to keep up and hardy enough to enjoy the outdoor conditions of the Saskatchewan prairies. Start as soon as possible, have lots of patience and invest in some good carpet cleaners before you bring your peeing puppy home. We do welcome visitors and if you wish to visit or choose your puppy in person our door at Rafter V is always open. Perfect Dog Breeds is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and any other affiliated sites. He controls every situation with a quiet calm nature and treats his stock with the utmost respect. These small beagles fit in hunters pockets and were released at hunting sites to chase down various animals.Queen Elizabeth I was a big fan of the and lovingly referred to them as the Singing Beagle. These social pups are always on the search for new best friends (both humans and animals). Not only do these dogs love their families, they want to be friends with everyone they meet. 2 TRI COLORED FEMALES He is extremely biddable yet powerful and confident. PetPlan does.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_25',124,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-narrow-sky-2-0')};How Long Does A Pocket Beagle Live?A Pocket Beagle can live anywhere from 12 to 15 years.How Much Does A Pocket Beagle Cost?As they are such a rare breed they can cost anywhere from $500-$1500.How To Train A Miniature BeagleMiniature Beagles are very intelligent and are easy to train when they are in the right mood.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-netboard-1','ezslot_26',125,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-netboard-1-0')};However these independent pups can be stubborn when they want to be.To combat their hardheadedness you are going to need lots of patience and treats!The way to this Beagles heart is through their stomach so it is important that you have treats at the ready when you start a training session.Positive reinforcement is the only option with a Pocket Beagle. Queen Elizabeth I was a big fan of the and lovingly referred to them as the Singing Beagle. Pets SOOO CUTE BEAGLE BABIES! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. White base color with tri-colored portions, Will howl or dig if left alone for too long, Gets along exceptionally well with everyone. Pocket Beagles have all the energy and playfulness of a typical Beagle, just packaged into a more petite body. They then have a large spot known as their saddle along their back that can be black, red or dark brown.This is the most common color makeup.However they can also have various colors such as red, blue, gray, brown, cream, white, tan or lemon flecked throughout their beautiful fur.They will also have the same smooth and silky coat as regular Beagles. Jack embodies qualities we feel will cross well with our JR Vaquero genetics. Dot came to us as a pup from Blanchette Ranch at Vawn SK. Pocket Beagles have two common naughty habits: mouthing and excessive barking. Gayle" is the reason, we at Rafter V, are where we are today with our Border Collie program! Each bark is used in different situations.The tip of their tail is almost always white. To keep them within a healthy weight you will need to limit the amount they eat to 1-1 cups of food spread out over 2 meals each day. We do not raise our pups in a traditional kennel setting. Trim their nails whenever they start to curl and brush their teeth weekly. Masterfeeds has been a leader in quality livestock and poultry animal nutrition in Canada for over 85 years. Their friendly faces match their warm personality.Height and WeightPocket Beagles are about half the size and weight of a regular Beagle.They are typically 7-12 inches in size and weigh 7-15 lbs.Breed Colors and CoatThere is not a lot of variety in their coat colors.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'perfectdogbreeds_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',114,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-large-leaderboard-2-0')};Their legs, chest, belly and the tip of their tail are white while their head and neck are tan. We love nothing more than receiving updates and pictures of our past puppies in their new homes!Please feel free to call or email anytime with any questions you may have in regard to our OEPB breeding program! They were originally developed in the 13th century and. six weeks of age after which time they can be found playing on the lawn or in a little boys bedroom. She stands 13 inches and weighs 22 pounds. Training packages will be custom designed so contact us to discuss your needs. Please call or email us for prices on puppies and shipping costs.We do offer a one year health guarantee for genetic health issues which will be signed by the new owner and us, as breeder, at the time of purchase. The large appetite of this dog can also lead to obesity so make sure to keep a close eye on their weight. SOOO CUTE BEAGLE BABIES! All our puppies by the age of 8 weeks have visited our vet and had a full checkup and age appropriate vaccinations. Miniature Beagles are incredible family dogs. I leave in India where I will get to purchase it. These dogs are low maintenance and only require a little bit of exercise and a lot of love. With big brown eyes, they can convince anyone to do exactly what they want. Get reimbursed for your pets illness, injury, and wellness expenses!TRY NOWComplete Sick VisitExam fees are included, which saves you around $50-$250 per sick visit.Comprehensive DentalPetPlan covers injury and disease in every adult tooth not just the canines.Breed Specific ConditionsNot all providers cover hereditary conditions linked to breed. FREE DELIVERY TO EDMONTON, Click here to search for more - Pets in Edmonton, Alberta. The fur they grow is almost always pin straight with no waves or curls in sight. I emailed back and forth with the breeder over the past few months, and she was truly helpful and so quick to respond. It allows us to focus on raising puppies who enter the world one step ahead of most small breeds who are known for genetic flaws. This J.R. Vaquero son is so similar to his father. This may be the most talented pup we have started to date. To provide an avenue for stock dog breeders to gain recognition for their genetic achievements. She is the traditional tri color with the black saddle back. He has big shoes to fill but he is already following closely in his sire's footprints. Copyright 2022 nicepetsonline.com, All Rights Reserved. Description: Cannot say enough about these great leashes. As they are such a rare breed they can cost anywhere from $500-$1500. This dog can quickly become chunky if you are not paying close attention to their diet.To keep them within a healthy weight you will need to limit the amount they eat to 1-1 cups of food spread out over 2 meals each day.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'perfectdogbreeds_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_23',122,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0')};If your dog is extremely active then they will need slightly more food.When selecting dog food look for those low in calories and fat and high in protein.Avoid feeding your Teacup Beagle human food at all costs. The Pocket Beagle is extremely affectionate and loves nothing more than to curl up in their loved ones laps at the end of a long day. One thing is certain, if you welcome a Pocket Beagle into your home you will always have a smile on your face. Working Border Collies/Olde English Pocket Beagles. Very well put together, he has a beautiful conformation, and a great personality to match. Start as soon as possible, have lots of patience and invest in some good carpet cleaners before you bring your peeing puppy home.Buyers GuideProsConsFriendly and affectionate with everyone.Prone to separation anxiety.Small size makes them suitable for apartment life.Very expensive.Gets along very well with other dogs.Barks loudly and often.Minimal grooming requirements.Susceptible to many health conditions.Adorable and endearing appearance.Tendency to get mouthy when playing.Quick Breed Summary TableBreed CharacteristicsSize:7-12 inchesWeight:7-15lbLifespan:12-15 yearsCoat:Short to medium length and smoothColor:White base color with tri-colored portionsDo They Shed:ModeratelyTemperament:Loving, curious, friendly and stubbornIntelligence:HighSocialization:Need to be socialized from an early ageDestructive Behavior:Will howl or dig if left alone for too longPeople Skills:Gets along exceptionally well with everyoneGood with Children:Loves childrenActivity Levels:Highly energeticSummaryPocket Beagles are beautiful and endearing dogs that melt everyones hearts.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-portrait-1','ezslot_28',127,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-portrait-1-0')};Their happy nature will always put a smile on your face and there will never be a dull moment with one in your home.These dogs are low maintenance and only require a little bit of exercise and a lot of love.The only warning is that they require extra patience during training and they may develop various health conditions as a result of poor breeding.However, with proper research into a responsible breeder, they can make a beautiful addition to any home and will surely brighten anyones life.Pocket Beagle FAQsDo pocket beagles stay small?Do pocket beagles shed a lot?Are pocket beagles good pets?How long do pocket beagles live?Are pocket beagles healthy?Do pocket beagles bark a lot?How much does a pocket beagle cost?What is the difference between a beagle and a pocket beagle?How big does a pocket beagle get?Are pocket beagles rare? Weekly brushing will keep their coats smooth and silky. Sheep time and cattle time is available Monday - Saturday 1pm - dark year round. How do I go about finding a good dog breeder? UPDATE Rafter V said good bye to Shy in the fall of 2016! Shy" possesses everything a true "cowdog" requires to excel in everyday work or in the cowdog trial arena. Like most Teacup breeds, the Pocket Beagle is unfortunately often afflicted with various medical ailments. It truly is a family affair!With 6 little hands around 24 hours a day socialization of the pups just seems to happen. For Information on any of our RD Inc. Products, Services or EventsPlease Call, Text or Email Us Anytime! What is the difference between a beagle and a pocket beagle? With three boys, horses and cattle, and a second dog breed (working border collies) life is seldom lived at a slow, calm pace. Exam fees are included, which saves you around $50-$250 per sick visit. Trim their nails whenever they start to curl and brush their teeth weekly.Feeding and DietThe Pocket Beagle has a massive appetite.These little pups will eat and eat and eat until they are sick to their stomachs. Sadly we lost Gayle in the fall of 2017. They also love to dig when they are bored.Do not let them get bored.You will need to challenge them mentally to keep them from getting bored fun and unique toys are a great option.These happy little dogs are the most curious pups around. He is registered with AKC, CKC and UABR. Molly is a tricolor with a small amount of ticking. NORTH PAW NUTRITION -We pride ourselves on supplying pet parents with healthy and natural products for their pets! Contact us if you are interested in more information, pricing or placing an order.Ranch Dog Tuff Mat. However, with proper research into a responsible breeder, they can make a beautiful addition to any home and will surely brighten anyones life. "The genetic soundness of the beagle breed over years and years of breeding assist us in marketing a breed that has little to no known genetic problems. Description: Our Ranch Dog Tuff Mat is a product we are extremely proud of. The information, content, and material contained on the site is intended to be of a general nature only and is not intended to constitute professional/medical advice. Our breeding program focuses on producing and raising pups who are a depiction of the "original pocket beagle" in the following ways: Life at Rafter V is not conducive to the needs of most small breed dogs. They love taking trips to the dog park and going for walks in the neighborhood to greet their favorite neighbors. He stamps his pups with his traits quite consistently. However they can also have various colors such as red, blue, gray, brown, cream, white, tan or lemon flecked throughout their beautiful fur. She is the traditional tri color with some unique open markings on her back. Just by looking at one of these beautiful dogs, you can instantly see their kind souls. We quickly realized the qualities we were seeking were wrapped up in a perfect package that few people had yet to discover.Being raised and educated in several livestock industries we recognize the importance of the following components to our breeding program: Top quality genetics are the key to success! These scent hounds are like a detective with one of the strongest senses of smell among any breed. It is not uncommon to see puppies tucked under arms in jacket pockets and in wagons as they are lovingly "toted" around Rafter V. Needless to say a Rafter V pup has experienced no lack of socialization before the age of eight weeks!We honestly believe that our job is not complete once your puppy leaves Rafter V! These dogs have hearts that are bigger than their entire body. Stock melts off his calm pressure. His transition to working various types of stock has been an easy task and we are thrilled to have him in our kennel. Miniature Beagles are very intelligent and they tend to get into a little bit of mischief when they get bored. Contact us! Take these adventurous pups on road trips, hikes, and even just simple walks around the park. Available in a variety of colours and custom made to your chosen length. Nail trimming and dental health are also important. There is not a lot of variety in their coat colors. We encourage you to get your name on the list as soon as you are certain you would like to welcome a pup into your home. You should take your pup on 1-2 walks each day and allow them 30 minutes of exercise (preferably outside). Thomas has been a dog lover since he was 6 years old when his parents got him a rescue Labrador. The fur they grow is almost always pin straight with no waves or curls in sight.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-1','ezslot_14',115,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-1-0')};if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-1','ezslot_15',115,'0','1'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-1-0_1')};.leader-1-multi-115{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Their coats are low maintenance and rain resistant, so you do not have to worry about extensive grooming or bathing.7 Fun Facts About The Miniature BeagleOther names for the Pocket Beagle include the Teacup Beagle, Miniature Beagle and the Old English Pocket Beagle.They were originally developed in the 13th century and were known as Glove Beagles. Tess is registered with the Canadian Kennel Club and has multiple Field Trial Champions (Field Trial and Lure Coursing) in her lineage. We will miss this determined, headstrong dog more than we can imagine! To showcase and bring awareness to the public, the usefulness and benefits of well bred, properly trained stock dogs. Their legs, chest, belly and the tip of their tail are white while their head and neck are tan. A Pocket Beagle can live anywhere from 12 to 15 years. 1 talking about this. Thank You Jordan for trusting our program! These are all steps to ensure you receive a healthy happy puppy.As a family who recognizes the value of home education, our boys are an integral part of our breeding program. "Kero" came to Rafter V Ranch from Juan Reyes' breeding program in Wyoming. He now keeps a six year old English Bullmastiff and educates pet parents through his online publication Perfect Dog Breeds. If your dog is extremely active then they will need slightly more food. With several years of breeding behind us we can now answer the question. "Is the pocket beagle a genetically sound breed?" In order to progress we must continually be learning! I dont even know what questions to ask. assistance to our buyers in transitioning their new puppy. They also love to dig when they are bored. Teacup Yorkies, teacup poodles, teacup pugs, and now a pocket beagle? I am beyond excited to have had the opportunity to purchase our little guy from a Christmas season litter that just came available. Puggle: Is This Mischievous Dog Right For You? Required fields are marked *. Pocket Beagles are about half the size and weight of a regular Beagle. To promote ongoing training and competition of aged (finished) stock dogs. She was known for keeping one and often used these adorable pups to entertain her guests. MASTERFEEDS CANINE NUTRITION - Supporting the health of animals through balanced and wholesome ingredients is what we do. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); SOOO CUTE BEAGLE BABIES! We are extremely happy with the pups he is producing as they begin their working careers! For details on pups and started dogs for sale please contact us! The way to this Beagles heart is through their stomach so it is important that you have treats at the ready when you start a training session. Not all providers cover hereditary conditions linked to breed. They may experience hip dysplasia, patella luxation, intervertebral disc disease and dwarfism. So if left unleashed they they will take off in an instant in pursuit of an interesting scent. I found Pocket Beagles USA to be the most reputable breeder after researching for quite some time. With access to some of the best clinicians and handlers across Canada we will facilitate the best learning opportunity for you and your dog. Get reimbursed for your pets illness, injury, and wellness expenses! However crossbreeding Beagles with smaller breeds to produce a miniature pup is the healthiest way to achieve this beautiful variation.The Pocket Beagle is the rarest breed hound.Pocket Beagle Personality and TemperamentThese dogs have hearts that are bigger than their entire body.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-2','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-2-0')};if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-2','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-leader-2-0_1')};.leader-2-multi-116{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}The Pocket Beagle is extremely affectionate and loves nothing more than to curl up in their loved ones laps at the end of a long day. These masterminds will do whatever they can to find extra food so make sure to keep all food out of reach.Calories Per Day:Cups of Kibble Per Day:400-6001-1.5Known Health ProblemsLike most Teacup breeds, the Pocket Beagle is unfortunately often afflicted with various medical ailments.Most of these conditions are the result of poor breeding practices. Molly is one of our female pocket beagles. In 2008 we discovered the existence the most fabulous canine breed we have ever experienced. Thomas WoodsTeacup Yorkies, teacup poodles, teacup pugs, and now a pocket beagle?This dog is exactly what it sounds like, a shrunken version of the purebred beagle.They are major sweethearts and loved by anyone who comes across one. Proudly raising & breeding Registered Olde English Pocket Beagles. Their appearance is a shrunken version of the beloved Beagle and they tend to be half the size and weight of a typical Beagle. For this reason it is highly recommended that you get them micro chipped.Number of Walks Per Day: 1-2.Total Exercise Needed Per Day: 30 Minutes.Grooming and SheddingWhen it comes to grooming this dog is very low maintenance.They have short to medium length coats so their hair does not fall off in large clumps like fluffier breeds. The breeder is located in TX, so we are going to pick our little guy up next week. They will also have the same smooth and silky coat as regular Beagles. The more time you allow them to explore the outside world, the happier they will be. Tess is another of our little pocket beagles. Rafter V reserves the right, as breeder, to retain any puppy we feel should remain at Rafter V! The only warning is that they require extra patience during training and they may develop various health conditions as a result of poor breeding. The Pocket Beagle is easily one of the cutest breeds around. They also have regular worming and leave for home with a topical parasitic treatment. All information, content, materials on this site, or obtained from a website to which the site is linked are provided to you as is without warranty of any kind either express or implied. Her easy nature and strong powerful eye as well as tons of style are just a few of her natural talents. Their friendly faces match their warm personality. You will want to focus on encouraging quiet behavior to bring some peace and quiet to your home. They will have the Beagles usual square muzzle however it will be much narrower. Ranch Dog Inc. is pleased to offer a few top quality products. With big brown eyes, they can convince anyone to do exactly what they want.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'perfectdogbreeds_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',113,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position!='undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-perfectdogbreeds_com-banner-1-0')};Just by looking at one of these beautiful dogs, you can instantly see their kind souls. His quiet, patient work ethic does not compromise his forward power. They can potentially be avoided by carefully researching your breeder and avoiding puppy farms. Beagle Dachshund Mix: The Complete Care Guide, Corgi German Shepherd Mix Breed Information, Traits & Characteristics, German Shepherd Lab Mix Care, Size, Lifespan & Temperament, Husky Chow Mix: What To Know Before Buying A Chusky. However these independent pups can be stubborn when they want to be. He is a tender soul and loves other dogs. Never worry about your pets health care again. Im looking for a baby pocket beagle to buy. Mailing Address:Ranch Dog Inc.Box 219Outlook, Saskatchewan, CanadaS0L 2N0. TRICOLOR & LEMON BEAGLE BABIES READY FOR THERE NEW FAMILIES NOV 12 PUPPIES WERE BORN SEPT 12.,. When it comes to grooming this dog is very low maintenance. Truly the most educational and professional website. This trait was desirable because it allowed hunters to always locate their dogs by spotting the white tip of their tail even in tall grass.There are 3 methods that breeders use to produce a Pocket Beagle. We are always available to assist in any way to help transition your puppy quickly and easily to its new home. So if left unleashed they they will take off in an instant in pursuit of an interesting scent. German Shepherd Beagle Mix: 5 Must Read Facts, Beagle Breed Information, Traits, & Characteristics. Rafter V Ranch is located 55km South of Saskatoon SK Canada!Please Call, Text or Email Anytime for Information on our Border Collies or Olde English Pocket Beagles! We are happy to discuss any of our nutritional products with you to help you find the best diet for your canine partner. These little pups will eat and eat and eat until they are sick to their stomachs. Yes I liked ur write up. All of the products listed below are used by us and made right here by us! They love everyone they meet and make friends wherever they go. Contact us to discuss your needs in any of the above areas! She stands 12 inches and weighs 20 pounds. Their coats are low maintenance and rain resistant, so you do not have to worry about extensive grooming or bathing. We are extremely indebted to Mr. Robert Mock for his dedication and persistence to one of the most extensive restoration projects ever to be undertaken.For more information on the restoration project and Mr. Mock please click here! They will be loyal to your children from the moment they meet them and will follow them around wherever they go! Their large floppy ears frame their small faces beautifully. Roscoe is a solid 20 pounds and stands 13 inches. Jock's natural desire to cover, combined with bite and presence, leave us in awe on a daily basis. When selecting dog food look for those low in calories and fat and high in protein. We offer references if you would like to speak to past buyers familiar with Rafter V.All puppies leave Rafter V with age appropriate vaccinations, full veterinary checkup, and regular wormings. We do have some enclosures for ensuring our dogs are kept safe and warm when unattended and winter sets in.Our education and years in the equine and cattle industries had led us to some of Saskatchewan's finest veterinary staff that quickly became an important and valuable part of our breeding program. UPDATE Jett now makes his home on a ranch in British Columbia. Her genetics will live on at Rafter V along with the memories of a great cow dog! Available in S/M/L/XL to fit most crates. PLEASE CALL 1 780 872 FOR MORE INFO They are major sweethearts and loved by anyone who comes across one. Home Dog Breeds Pocket BeaglePocket Beagle: 7 Bite Sized Facts You Need To KnowMay 21, 2020 Pups are chosen by you with whatever assistance we can provide, in the order of deposit paid. Want to buy pocket beagle. Miniature Beagles are very intelligent and are easy to train when they are in the right mood. Copyright 2022 - Perfect Dog Breeds - All Rights Reserved, Save Massively on Your Pets Medical Costs.