do boston terriers kill rats


This was the pit for dog fights, cockfights, and rat killing. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Were Chihuahuas bred to hunt rats? There is no right or wrong answer to this question, as it depends on the individual and the situation. No definitive answer exists, and it is difficult to say for certain whether rats or dogs are more likely to carry the virus to one another. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Dogs cannot smell rats, but some animals can smell them. This is Calvin the Boston Terrier..or Terrierist! The officials included a referee and timekeeper. This is why I created the Boston Terrier Society. He has been raising Bella the Boston since 2010. The Terriers have their own group. Affiliate links may be in those post. There is no definitive answer to this question as it is largely up to opinion. The new time was added to the original time. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do Yorkshire terriers kill rats? Some believe that rats may carry the virus to dogs through contact with infected saliva, while others believe that dogs may be more likely to contract rabies from contact with rat droppings or saliva. Generally, terriers are not considered hunting dogs, but can be used for hunting purposes if they are well-trained. 121131 Howell Book House Inc. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, "Ratting History: A Night at the Rat Pit", The Evolution of the English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan), Stoutheart Staffordshire Bull Terriers - Staffords and Baiting Sports, London Labour and the London Poor, Volume 3, Chp 1, Jimmy Shaw, "Small wonder: tiny Victorian dog that killed 200 rats an hour", "The Rat-Catcher's Prank: Interspecies Cunningness and Scavenging in Henry Mayhew's London", "Genes unleashed: how the Victorians engineered our dogs", "In Manhattan Alleys, Dogs on Rat Hunts Find Bags of Fun", "The Rat Hunters of New York Roads & Kingdoms", Video: Gangs of New York Rat Baiting Scene, "The Knick Recap: Season 1, Episode 4, "Where's the Dignity? Bella has been a part of our family since 2010. The sorrow you feel is a natural process of grieving. ", "text": "How Do Terriers Kill Rats? Nate the Boston Terrier Terriers are known for their sharp teeth and ability to catch small prey, while mice are known for their quick reflexes and ability to hole up in tight spaces. The Boston is not in the Terrier Group because their background and history is so diverse that their function and work purpose can not be grouped in the 6 of the 7 specific groups. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Dogs shake rats because they are trying to warn other rats that a predator is nearby. This site is owned and operated by Boston Terrier Society, a company headquartered in Olathe, Kansas, U.S.A. While the ancestor of the Boston Terrier was a Bulldog as well as the now-extinct White English Terrier the Bostons demeanor no longer resembles that of the feisty terrier. [18] On the New York City waterfront rat baiting was quite lucrative with a purse of $125 not uncommon. Some Jack Russells may be more aggressive towards rats than others, so it is important to get to know your dog's personality and see if he or she is averse to rats. According to the Sporting Chronicle Annual, the world record in rat killing is held by a black and tan bull and terrier named "Jacko", weighing about 13lb and owned by Jemmy Shaw. Many countries adopted this sport after 1835, England having one of the largest participation rates. {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"QAPage","mainEntity":{"@type": "Question", "name": "How Do Terriers Kill Rats? Train your terrier to hunt rodents by providing them with a variety of rodent bait and allowing them to retrieve the bait from the rodents burrow. Rats are able to smell humans because they have a scent that is similar to human sweat. Clarissa..minature schnauzers can be great ratters. Any breed such as these would do well. Rats are attracted to their scent, and the dog can catch them quickly and kill them. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to get rid of rats outside will vary depending on the type of rat and the size of your dog. and Its Cruel Cost to the Nation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rat-baiting&oldid=1099233047, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A rat-baiting scene is included in the 1979 film, This page was last edited on 19 July 2022, at 17:51. Some rats may be fearful of dogs, while others may not be. [24] (It was only after the decline of rat baiting that rats became associated with the spread of disease. baby WILD rats or mice will NOT make good pets, the ones in the pet stores have been bred down for generations to be tame. [10][8][9] Jacko had these contest results: Jacko set two world records, the first on 29 July 1862, with a killing time of 2.7 seconds per rat and the second on 1 May 1862, with his fight against 100 rats, where Jacko worked two seconds faster than the previous world record holder "Billy". [17] Jack was a prized ratter, and Burns claimed that Jack killed 100 rats in 5 minutes and 40 seconds. It is now illegal in most countries. The stale smell of flat beer was almost overpowering. The terrier is known for its quick, strong, and accurate killing ability when it comes to rats. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Why are terriers so good at killing rats? The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo, Wilderness Survival, Hiking and Camping Forum, Second Media Corp., 30800 Telegraph Rd, Suite 1921, Bingham Farms, MI 48025 USA. They bark and make loud noises which scare the mice away. Some families sought to profit from the large numbers of vermin plaguing the cities and country sides. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "There is no definitive answer to this question since it depends on the rat's personality and behavior. By twos and threes, they were caught, and soon their mangled corpses proved the valour of the victor. Miniature wieners might good because they can get into small places. Anyone else see something like this before? [13] For a period of time Tiny maintained the record for killing 300 rats in under 55 minutes. My silky even catches birds, while they are alive and in flight, no joke. The owner was prosecuted and fined, and had to give a promise to the court that he would never again promote such entertainment.[1]. The Boston over the years has been bred to be a companion dog. In the group, we share photos, thoughts, and stories. Ratting is the legal use of dogs for pest control of non-captured rats in an unconfined space, such as a barn or field. [14] Tiny only weighed five and a half pounds with a neck so small, a woman's bracelet could be used as a dog collar. Billy was then caressed and fondled by many; the dog is estimated by amateurs as a most dextrous animal; he is, unfortunately, what the French Monsieurs call borg-ne, that is, blind of an eye.-This precious organ was lost to him some time since by the intrepidity of an inimical rat, which as he had not seized it in a proper place, turned round on its murderer, and reprived him by one bite of the privilege of seeing with two eyes in future. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "If your dog kills a mouse, you may need to get a new dog. Boston Terrier Society also participates in affiliate programs with Flexoffers, ShareASale, and other sites. Most of the ones here in the UK try to match owner with dog, rather then pick the ideal dog out of a line up. Billy's career was crowned on 22 April 1823, when a world record was set with 100 rats killed in five and a half minutes. Some people believe that chihuahuas are bred to hunt rats because they are small and agile, and can run quickly and cover a large area in search of prey. A forum community dedicated to survivalists and enthusiasts. [21] The Sportsman Hall stayed permanently closed after the raid. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "The rat's heart. Tiny the Wonder was a famous mid-19th century English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan) that could kill 200 rats in an hour,[11][12] which he achieved twice, on 28 March 1848 and 27 March 1849, with time to spare. I generally don't like small dogs but this dog changed my opinion on them. However, some factors to consider include whether the dog is house-trained, whether they are good at following commands, whether they are good with children, and whether they are good with other animals. Hi all. This record stood until 1862, when it was claimed by another ratter named "Jacko". ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "A rat-killer dog is a dog that is specifically designed to kill rats."}}]} "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Will a Jack Russell keep rats away? [22][23], Toward the latter half of Queen Victoria's reign, criticism on the practice mounted. They would bite once. The breeds in this group come from broader backgrounds, so it is harder to group them. Rats that were thought still to be alive were laid out on the table in a circle before the referee. The feat of killing 1,000 rats took place over a 10-week period, with 100 rats being killed each week ending on 1 May 1862. All about The American Gentleman. While the Boston Terrier is not technically a Terrier, it does have an ancestry trail to the old White English Terrier. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do Jack Russell terriers catch mice? Shaw was able to keep up to 2,000 rats at his establishment. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do Boston terriers kill rats? ", "answerCount": 1, "upvoteCount": 1, "dateCreated": "2022-05-30T23:39:59Z", "author": {"@type": "Person", "name": "Tom"}, "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "The terrier is known for its quick, strong, and accurate killing ability when it comes to rats. [3] The prescribed number of rats was released and the dog was put in the ring. What is the definition of the Terrier Group? Some Jack Russells may be more aggressive towards rats than others, so it is important to get to know your dogs personality and see if he or she is averse to rats. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What dogs keep mice away? Ultimately, it is impossible to say for sure whether or not rats bite people in their sleep. Dogs cannot smell rats, but some animals can smell them. Nates Memorial What is the definition of the Non-Sporting Group? Rules varied from match to match. We have one and he is so fast and agile and sneaks his way into small areas to find what he is looking for. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What kills a rat instantly? Some people think that terriers should kill all rats in their house, while others think that they should feed them to their dog. Well it'sa shame you don't like terriers they where bred to do just that, lol almost all terriers got there start ratting, and it spiraled from there. The dog that was fastest in killing all the rats won.". ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Some animals that are known to keep rats away are dogs, cats, and horses. Often, two dogs competed, with the winner receiving a cash prize. Come join the discussion about collections, gear, DIY projects, hobbies, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! Why is it that our children cant read a Bible in school, but they can in prison? When I got my Boston, I was working in a pet store and read the breed book we sold there. 105112 T.F.H. Fleig, D. (1996). A dog breed is put into a specific group based on their work function. While there is undoubtedly ancestry linkage to Terriers, this was still not enough to classify this unique breed with the Terrier Group. Some rats are known to be very curious and may even start biting people during sleep, while others may be more aggressive and may Bite more often during the daytime. Some scientists believe that terriers are specially bred to kill rats because they have a strong sense of smell. A celebrated bull and terrier named "Billy"[8][9] weighing about 12kg (26lb), had a proud fighting history and his pedigree reflects the build-up over a period of years. If a rat managed to crawl out of the circle, it was considered to be alive. Pits were sometimes covered above with wire mesh or had additional security devices installed on the walls to prevent the rats from escaping. The book said Bostons were originally bred for pit fighting, but had such a good temperament and distinguished look (the American Gentleman! ), that they transitioned easily into family/house dogs. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Can dogs smell rats? Maybe it thinks you want it to kill tomatoes. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What happens if my dog killed a mouse? Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. [26] Due to rat infestations, terriers are now being used for ratting to hunt and kill rats in major cities around the world, including the United Kingdom,[27] the United States[28][29][30] and Vietnam. The pedigree of all these dogs can be traced back more than 40 years and numerous old accounts exist about them. A rate of five seconds per rat killed was considered quite satisfactory; 15 rats in a minute was an excellent result. Again he entered the arena, and in vain did the unfortunate victims labour to obtain security by climbing against the sides of the pit, or by crouching beneath the hero. Yours..not sure what happened. ", "dateCreated": "2022-05-30T23:39:59Z", "upvoteCount": 1, "url": "https://bdjobstoday.info/how-do-terriers-kill-rats", "author": {"@type": "Person", "name": "Tom"}}, "suggestedAnswer": []}}. This is why the lovable breed has been placed in the non-specific Non-Sporting Group. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Some people think that terriers should kill all rats in their house, while others think that they should feed them to their dog. [3] Depending on the particular rules for that match, the dog may be disqualified or have to go back in the ring with these rats and kill them. Boston Terrier Society is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Yes, terriers and mice are typically considered to be close relatives. It uses its sharp teeth and quick reflexes to pierce the rats back and kill it. Definitely a great small dog to catch small rodents! A hundred rats were put in it; large wagers went back and forth on whose dog could kill the most rats within a minute. Before the contest could begin, the capture of potentially thousands of rats was required. The famous dog Billy, of rat-killing notoriety, 26 lb. The dog was owned by Charles Dew and was bred by breeder James Yardington. Jack Black, a rat catcher from Victorian England[4] supplied live rats for baiting. On the paternal side is "Old Billy" from the kennel of John Tattersal from Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and was descended from the best line of all Old English Bulldogs. This is a fun and friendly group. Additionally, it is important to place food and water dishes in strategic locations around the home in an effort to keep rats away, and to keep any activity in the home minimal. Nate was truly like a son to Hi, my name is Donnie and this is Bella our Boston. Yes, terriers and mice are typically considered to be close relatives. If he smells a mouse he wont rest until it's dead. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "How do you train a Rat Terrier to hunt rats? The place was crowded. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Many terriers were bred to be retrievers. Some animals that are known to keep rats away are dogs, cats, and horses. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "There is no definitive answer to this question as it is not clear how rats and dogs interact with one another. On the maternal side is "Yardington's Sal" descended from the Curley line. The rat catcher would be called upon to fulfill this requirement. It is hard to say for sure, but it is most likely that the rats eat the terriers. Jack Russell, Rat Terrier, Silky Terrier. My 2 year old BT -- who is super sweet -- yesterday saw a mouse. However, some general tips that may help include having a reliable ratting partner, being aware of your surroundings and making sure your ratting area is clean and free of food or other attractants. Boston Terrier Gift Shop / Boston Terrier Societys Puppy Academy/ Boston Rescues: U.S. & Canada / Contact /Privacy Policy / Terms and Conditions. The dogs worked in exemplary fashion, a grip, a toss, and it was all over for the rat. link to Meet Calvin The Boston Terrier..or Terrierist! [citation needed]. At seven minutes and a quarter, or according to another watch, for there were two umpires and two watches, at seven minutes and seventeen seconds, the victor relinquished the glorious pursuit, for all his foes lay slaughtered on the ensanguined plain. Why is the Boston Terrier not in the Terrier Group? r/BostonTerrier is a place to share photos, ask questions, and learn about these fantastic dogs. James Wentworth Day, a follower of the sport of rat baiting, described his experience and the atmosphere at one of the last old rat pits in London during those times. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do terriers eat the rats? It is hard to say for sure, but it is most likely that the rats eat the terriers. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "How do you train a terrier to hunt rodents? "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What kind of dog will kill rats? ", Full Revelations of a Professional Rat-Catcher, The Rat: Its History & Destructive Character, The Rat! Some of the flying enemy, more valiant than the rest, endeavoured by seizing this Quinhus Flestrum of heroic dogs by the ears, to procure a respite, or to sell their life as dearly as possible; but his grand paw soon swept off the buzzers, and consigned them to their fate. I have a rat terrier. Cornered rats will attack and can deliver a very painful bite. A rat-killer dog is a dog that is specifically designed to kill rats. . Adult cats cannot generally kill adult rats. I know, I tried. from Rhode Island! There is no definitive answer to this question since it depends on the personality of the Jack Russell and the rat. {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"FAQPage","mainEntity":[{"@type": "Question", "name": "What is the best dog for ratting? [25], The last public competition in the United Kingdom took place in Leicester in 1912. The ratting dogs were typically working terrier breeds, which included the bull and terrier, Bull Terrier, Bedlington Terrier, Fox Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier, Rat Terrier, Black and Tan Terrier,[5][6] Manchester Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, and Staffordshire Bull Terrier. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Some people believe that terriers eat the rats, while others believe that the rats eat the terriers. pp. weight, was wagered, for 20 sovereigns, to kill 100 rats in 12 minutes. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do terriers eat mice? I could never figure out why on earth someone would try to pit fight a Boston--they're fast but not really big or strong. Although little of the original structure remains, Sportsman's Hall occupied the land where the Joseph Rose House and Shop, a four-unit luxury apartment house, now lies and is the third oldest house in Manhattan after St. Paul's Chapel and the Morris-Jumel Mansion. In modern times, the Plummer Terrier is considered a premiere breed for rat-catching. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What were terriers bred to do? Publications. The cellar was full of smoke, stench of rats, dogs, and dirty human beings, as well. from Rhode Island! They bark and make loud noises which scare the mice away. The best thing for you to do is to go down to your local rescue center and have a word with them. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "No, Boston terriers do not kill rats. The Terrier Group breed was bred to hunt and to kill vermin. chihuahuas were bred just to kill rats in temples in northern mexico and are extremely territorial. Dogs are known to kill rats, but there is no scientific evidence to support this claim. [17] Burns had Jack taxidermied and mounted him, alongside other prized dogs, on the bar of his tavern called the Sportsmen's Hall, located at 273 Water Street. The perfect dog for catching small game/ Rats is a MINIATURE PINSCHER. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "There is no definitive answer to this question since it depends on the personality of the Jack Russell and the rat. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Why do dogs shake rats? You went down a rotten wooden stair and entered a large, underground cellar, which was created by combining the cellars of two houses. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Train your rat terrier to hunt rats by providing them with a rat bait container, providing them with a rat hole to search for rats, and providing them with a rat toy to play with. Rats are attracted to their scent, and the dog can catch them quickly and kill them. History of Fighting Dogs. The set-to began, and Billy exerted himself to the utmost. Successful breeders were highly regarded in those times. Some people believe that chihuahuas are bred to hunt rats because they are small and agile, and can run quickly and cover a large area in search of prey. So, why are Boston Terriers not considered Terriers? The Boston Terrier Society is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Kit Burns' rat-pit activities are described by author James Dabney McCabe in his book Secrets of the Great City, published in 1868, at page 388,[20] as follows: On November 31, 1870, Henry Bergh the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals raided the Sportsman's Hall and arrested Burns under an anti-cruelty to animals law passed by the New York state legislature four years prior. Train your rat terrier to hunt rats by providing them with a rat bait container, providing them with a rat hole to search for rats, and providing them with a rat toy to play with. Others believe that the chihuahuas are simply curious and enjoy exploring their surroundings, and do not typically hunt rats. If your dog bites a rat, the rat will most likely be killed. Losing a Boston Terrier is like losing a member of the family. Rat-baiting is a blood sport that involves releasing captured rats in an enclosed space with spectators betting on how long a dog, usually a terrier, takes to kill the rats. In addition, the Boston was created in the 19th century, an era of when bull-baiting and rating were popular, this led to many Terriers being cross bred and designed for the sport. There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individuals personal preference and ratting habits. JavaScript is disabled. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What do terriers do with rats? There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individual cats strength, size and general behavior. This was a rather dirty, small place, in the middle of the Cambridge Circus, London. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "If your dog bites a rat, the rat will most likely be killed. How do you train a Rat Terrier to hunt rats? "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do rats bite humans in their sleep? [7] The degree of care used in breeding these ratters is clear in their pedigrees, with good breeding leading to increased business opportunities. Ultimately, it is up to the rat's owner to determine if their rat is fearful of dogs or not. A combination of the quickest time, the number of rats, and the dog's weight decided the victory. However, some general tips that may help include having a reliable ratting partner, being aware of your surroundings and making sure your ratting area is clean and free of food or other attractants. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "How do I get rid of rats outside with my dog? "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What is the best working terrier? However, the law was not enforced for rat baiting and competitions came to the forefront as a gambling sport. Do Walks On Concrete Keep Dogs Nails Trimmed? And they hate rodents of any kind. The October 1822, edition of The Sporting Magazine provided descriptions of two rat pit matches with Billy, quoted as: Thursday night, Oct. 24, at a quarter before eight o'clock, the lovers of rat killing enjoyed a feast of delight in a prodigious raticide at the Cockpit, Westminster. Then I saw this scene from Gangs of New York and realized that's exactly what my pup, Goblin, does to his rope and stuffed toys. [17] Burns' first-floor amphitheatre could hold 100 spectators who were charged an admission of $1.50 to $5.00 depending on the dogs' quality, nearly a skilled labourer's daily wages. Dogs are great at keeping mice away from homes. Some people may feel that it is necessary to kill rats in order to protect their property, while others may feel that it is not necessary to kill any animals. The K9 thread made me think about the possibility of getting a good ratter. This is because the Boston is in the American Kennel Clubs Non-Sporting group. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Should I let my dog kill a rat? Some people believe that terriers eat the rats, while others believe that the rats eat the terriers. The rats were turned out loose at once in a 12-foot square, and the floor whitened, so that the rats might be visible to all. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. [19] This created a high demand for rats with some rat catchers earning $0.05 to $0.12 per rat.[19]. Why are terriers so good at killing rats. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individual's personal preference and ratting habits. The Non-Sporting Group is basically a group of breeds who had no distinct purpose, as the other six groups had. Rats are able to smell humans because they have a scent that is similar to human sweat. [13] This is a commentary about Tiny from a poster published from those times:[16], Jack was a Black and Tan Terrier owned by Kit Burns in New York City in the mid- to late 19th century. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "No, Jack Russell terriers do not catch mice. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Dogs are great at keeping mice away from homes. Weren't Boston Terriers bred for that? From the Wiki article on terriers in generally, "Initially, terriers competed in events such as clearing a pit of rats. Ultimately, it is up to the rats owner to determine if their rat is fearful of dogs or not. [24]) Additionally, when ratting moved from being a countryside pastime to the betting arenas of inner London, it became associated with the base vices of lower-class citizens. In one variation, a weight handicap was set for each dog. Some rats are known to be very curious and may even start biting people during sleep, while others may be more aggressive and may Bite more often during the daytime. More favourable ideas of rats as living animals rather than vermin arose, alongside a new interest in their positive role in the maintenance of an urban ecosystem. Some believe that rats may carry the virus to dogs through contact with infected saliva, while others believe that dogs may be more likely to contract rabies from contact with rat droppings or saliva. Are you wondering if a Boston Terrier is actually a Terrier? There is no definitive answer to this question as each dog will have their own strengths and weaknesses. His favorite activities are hanging out with family, traveling, running (but has bad knees), and reading non-fiction books. A prime example is the Herding Group, well you guessed, dogs in this group were created to herd. The animal welfare movement opposed the practice much like they did other forms of animal baiting. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Dogs are known to kill rats, but there is no scientific evidence to support this claim. No, Jack Russell terriers do not catch mice. . Terriers are known for their sharp teeth and ability to catch small prey, while mice are known for their quick reflexes and ability to hole up in tight spaces. They're superb ratters, hence the name, but they're typically not the little dynamos Jack Russells are. Ratting and rat-baiting are not the same activities. pp. Press J to jump to the feed. Feel free to pose any question you have about your Boston Terrier. No, the American Kennel Club does not recognize the Boston Terrier as a Terrier. Would you really have what it takes, to kill one of these cute, lovable, adorable rats, when the SHTF?