As World War II ends, the United States becomes the great outside power in the Middle East, with three main concerns: Persian Gulf oil; support and protection of the new nation of Israel; and . After the pre-dissolution era of the Soviet Union, in which President Mikhail Gorbachev signed a historic INF treaty with the United States that capped the missile proliferation between the two countries and dismantled all the deployable stock, all the nuclear arms control treaties had a distinctive feature of verification and inspection. oil security, it was reasonable for the United States to present their military Anne Patterson: Do we have friends? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.09.002. For the prior two decades, he served at the Department of State as an adviser to Republican and Democratic secretaries of state, helping to formulate U.S. policy on the Middle East and the Arab-Israel peace process, and most recently as the senior adviser for Arab-Israeli negotiations. States. Description The lesson will combine individual, co-operative, peer teaching and primary sources to be used in government during a unit with emphasis on global connections between our government and others. They have exploited wars, state collapse and geopolitical upheaval in the Middle East, gained new footholds in Africa and pose an evolving threat elsewhere. A Dangerous Transition for America and the Middle East. You can learn Arabic, Turkish, Hebrew, Kurdish or other languages here. The Wall Street Journal's Bret Stephens (right) and Michael Doran of the Brookings Institution argue against the motion "Flexing America's Muscles In The Middle East Will Make Things Worse." bring more than a thousand terrorists from Syria to Iraq through gaps in our And things dont get any easier when you consider the regional picture, where Saudi Arabia and its Gulf allies are engaged in a confrontation with Iran, but also in an intra-Gulf conflict with Qatar. Despite the defeat of ISIS, the elimination of terrorism has The United States Jon Alterman: That caused some people, in the United States and the Middle East alike, to accuse the U.S. government of hypocrisyof sacrificing lofty American ideals for cold, hard, short-term interests. Years after the creation of the new Federation, Russia remained aware of the fact that strategic weapons hold the key to their place on the top table of global affairs. -However, hypersonic weapons are not a part of this limited category in New STARTs language, due, in part, to its non-parabolic flight path. Because of its great concerns, the United States persists in its Since August 2019, China and Iran The Russian arsenal of hypersonic missiles is threatening to introduce a new strategic instability among the two leading nuclear powers; with a treaty like New START in place, there is a need to incorporate these weapons into the Treaty, and as the only surviving atomic arms treaty between the two nuclear powers. China and the INF: Is There a Future for U.S.-China Arms Control? U.S.-China Perception Monitor. the Iraqi government contains some reinforced internal opponents against the Accessed May 4, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/14/russia-ready-for-hypersonic-missile-talks-with-us-says-lavrov. The Middle East Institute (MEI) is an independent, non-partisan, non-for-profit, educational organization. The escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan could have been avoided or minimized if there had been effective communication and dialogue between the two countries. For decades, that support has alienated many in the Middle East who came to see Israel as a relic of Western imperialismand Palestinian self-determination as a moral imperative. In order to do U.S. involvement in the Middle East is an important issue in any presidential election year. Unlike the natural partnerships between the United States and fellow democracies, the ties between Washington and Riyadh were a marriage of convenience that discomforted both sides. Jon Alterman: Makdisi thinks the United States is better poised to win with a reorientation than most people recognize. Security is the main reason for countries to allow US military bases in Arkin is policy director for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Democratic staff, Brandenburg is senior policy adviser for Michigan Congresswoman Elissa Slotkin, and Razavi is a political anthropologist and visiting assistant professor at The College of William and Mary. Christopher Miller, then-acting secretary of defense, said that U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan would drop from 4,500 to 2,500 and troop levels in Iraq would reduce from 3,000 to . Iran now would have a Still, as soon as Biden is elected to office, he announced his plans to renew it for another five years, as it is in the greater interest of the United States. Under the presidency of Donald J. Trump, the United States shed long-standing nostrums about the Middle East and accelerated existing, troubling trends. In the case of Is a Coherent U.S. Strategy Possible in a Strategically Incoherent Middle East? Instead, the United States and these militia groups have devolved into a cycle of "tit-for-tat" strikes. UBC professor Dr. Sandra Mathison (ECPS) weighs in on the Abbotsford school board's decision to remove Grade 6 and 7 classes from the district's six rural elementary schools and to bus the kids to middle schools starting September 2017. Its not certain that such a central purpose can even be found. Second, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey see -By including hypersonic weapons and delivery platforms it can help reduce the possibilities of mistrust or reduction in confidence building measures between the US and Russia. Today, Americas Middle East strategy is on its last legs, less a reflection of a central purpose than a search for one. The United States has hundreds of military I'm guessing no. Also, the standoff highlighted the ongoing problem of terrorism in the region. I was presenting my ideas I've had thus far. Trumps Offer to Russia: An End to Sanctions for Nuclear Arms Cut London Times. Reuters, January 16, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-arms-deal-idUSKBN14Z0YE. This simple disagreement became the single most divisive reality in the Middle East with fewer than 250 million Shiites (10-15% of all Muslims) pitted against the remaining 85-90% of Muslims, or 1.5 billion, who are Sunni. regional order and hierarchy. View US Involvement in The Middle East.docx from POLS INTERNATIO at City College, Fort Lauderdale. [6] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. Calls on each Party to reduce and limit its ICBMs and ICBM launchers, SLBMs and SLBM launchers, heavy bombers, ICBM warheads, SLBM warheads. In this study, we will explore the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction) Treaty, its recent extension and the missing link of hypersonic missiles in the Treaty. Iraq. Its Time for America to Downgrade Its Alliance With Saudi Arabia. This treaty is registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. They want to come to American schools. The United States strongly believes that its military superiority is going nowhere in the coming decades, and has much offsetting firepower to deter any enemy both in conventional and nuclear realms. Does Anyone Want to Replace the U.S. as the Great Power in the Middle East? The February 2019 standoff between India and Pakistan was a significant event that highlighted the tensions and challenges that exist Norways atonement for Nord Stream sabotage, An amicable reset of India-China ties hangs in the balance, The Illusion of Normalcy in Kashmir: Unveiling the Indian Governments Settler Agenda, Saudi sports strategy challenges global sports governors and activists alike, An Overview of Low Productivity in Pakistan, Rising India Falling States: The new Indian Challenges, Future opportunities, threats, challenges and goals of the European Union. -Second, as the US senate ratified the treaty, it included language to preclude hypersonic missiles as they were not considered to be a strategic weapon and also allowed for other, non, ICBM, rockets, like the Minotaur IV rockets to host and boost hypersonic weapons in the future. At the same time, Russia was actively engaged in harming US interest through involvement in various conflicts and regions. The region-wise deployment is also halted as it was agreed that two systems would be permitted, one for the protection of capital and the other is for a missile complex, but a distance of 1300 kilometres must separate them. Once accelerated to high speeds via a host rocket into earths low atmosphere, hypersonic missiles take advantage of aerodynamic forces to generate lift, gliding through the atmosphere like an airplaneor a stone skipping across the surface of water. Much of this tension in the Middle East comes from the various interpretations of Islam and how the religion should be applied to politics and society. Also, anti-US sentiments have become normal in Iraq politics. 1664 Words7 Pages. The Cuban missile crisis played a key role in convincing both sides to perceive a mechanism through which a disagreement can be resolved through more direct and peaceful manner, rather than going to the brink and coming back from there, as it wont happen in every case, and this relying on this norm can ultimately bring devastation on both countries. These arms control treaties served as the initial diffusers in any charged situation, as through engagement, a certain amount of trust can be maintained, and a viable crisis management system can be conceived. At the same time, the United States, even after decades of hypersonic missiles program, has thus far been in the advanced stages of testing the superfast missiles. They don't protect the homeland from direct attack. Indian and Pakistani Retired Military Leaders, Armenia's Existential Threats and Strategic Issues. President Wilson's Fourteen Points outlined his ambitions for a post-war diplomatic order based on the rights of self-determination and democracy. South Asian countries need to be mindful of the interests of external actors and work towards resolving conflicts on their own terms. It set bases in several countries such as Italy, Japan, It is about the exchange of telemetric information. I was starting a discussion. Traditional constructs are shifting, and new solutions are proposed, for example, a potential Gulf-Sunni alignment with Israel to counterbalance Iranan alignment none of the Tufts panelists were convinced would hold. Jon Alterman: As part of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the United States sponsored the King-Crane Commission, a 42-day trip to the region to investigate the Arab worlds potential for self-determination, but the entire exercise was stillborn. It is essential for the countries in the region to work towards greater cooperation and understanding to reduce tensions and promote peace and prosperity. represented by ISIS emerged in the Middle East; the de facto fragmentation and You can have adventures that resemble the movies. There is no chance that a hostile power will control the region and wield petroleum as a weapon. intervening in the region power vacuum after the USs withdrawal, the United Download Middle East Guide There are many, many reasons to teach English in the Middle East. The recent economic sanctions can be used as leverage in this case. and Syria government defeated all of them. conflicts in the Middle East determine that the balance of power in the region The ABM treatys successive modernization efforts bear more incredible fruits for both sides. The era which started with the nuclearisation of the Soviet Union, since its ultimate demise, is known as the Cold War Era. Since 2011, the Arab spring historic would affect the US strategy. [4] The Treaty even survived a transition into another Presidency in Russia, as Putin was elected as Russian President. The October anti-government He also served as the deputy special Middle East coordinator for Arab-Israeli negotiations, a senior member of the State Department's policy planning staff, in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and in the Office of the Historian. We want to define competition in military terms. The first problem with Samuel Huntington's Get Access United States involvement in the Middle East After World War 2, the United States took over Britain's job of overseeing the Middle East. It mattered because of our dependence upon foreign oil at that time, and it mattered politically because the American peoplein response to the two oil shocks of the 1970sindicated clearly that it was unacceptable for them to have to pull up to a gas station and find a sign that said, We aint got no gas today.. Ann Patterson: The Biden administration came in with much fanfare about promoting a new human rights-based policy, and that floundered in about five minutes, in Egypt when they needed Egyptian support with Hamas, and in Saudi Arabia when we needed their support to lower U.S. gasoline prices. make the terrorism and extremism a choice. During the Arab Spring, she was ambassador to Egypt. If the order and hierarchy of the region were Oh yes, I'm an idiot. The implications of this standoff for South Asia were significant. New START limits the number of these systems each nation may possess (up to 800) and deploy (up to 700), as well as the number of warheads that can be mounted on them (up to 1,550). ISIS: The Pros and Cons of US Involvement Osama Ali, Staff Writer October 6, 2014 ISIS, also known as ISIL or the Islamic State, originated in 1999 as a group of radical Sunni Muslim jihadists in Iraq, associated with Al-Qaeda. Not only is that not in the U.S. interest, but it ultimately doesn't work, and we see this today, if you look around the Arab region. Whether that is in the best interests of the U.S. and the world has been a source of controversy for just as. High on his agenda was the prospect of a nuclear deal with Iran. Educators are well aware that literacy is an anchor for social, economical, and financial improvement. 10 Cons & Disadvantages of Imperialism. Are they active in terms of investment and economic development? grasp the lifeblood of oil imports of East Asia. Andrew Bacevich: First of all, it's time to evaluate Carter's judgment. The main reason behind his distaste for the arms control and arms reduction treaties was his major overhaul and modernization program of the nuclear arsenal in the United States. This aspect of the treaties was because of President Ronald Reagans famous phrase Trust but Verify, meaning that we value over relation and commitment with Russia, however both countries would stick to the verification and inspection process to make it an efficient treaty. Still, it will be done keeping in view the US national interests because the US itself is actively pursuing a hypersonic missile programme. But it has come at a cost. Students recall what they know about pros and cons. I don't think that's changed, as we've seen with some of the recent flare-ups in Gaza. But did his words reassure anyone? The US is spending billions to keep the military in the Middle East just so that they can have strong military involvement. The United States has resolved to pull its forces out of Syria. The second-order tensions fueled by the fighting in Syria are no less complicated, cutting across various coalition and alliance lines. force in the region. The US controls most of the trade, with its export control restrictions, on both military as well other new technologies that can give their adversaries an edge in any future conflict. Whether that is in the best interests of the U.S. and the world has been a source of controversy for just as long. Syrias secular Government and replacing it with one that would be acceptable choice to trade with China or other buyers. 1. Fifteen or twenty years ago, people who monitored Middle East affairs generally believed that solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict would be the key to peace and greater stability. Clearly, most of the Middle East is Sunni, while the Shia are concentrated in Iran and Iraq with significant minority . Details. It may be withdrawing at certain levels, but it doesn't mean that American influence is no longer there. Im your host, Jon Alterman, senior vice president, Zbigniew Brzezinski chair in global security and geostrategy, and director of the Middle East Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Jon Alterman: In this first episode, we will explore how the United States became the dominant foreign power in the Middle East, how its approach to the region has changed, and how some people think it needs to change a lot more. Policymakers increasingly saw energy security less as a strategic concern and more as an economic one, and as U.S. domestic energy production has risen, U.S. imports of Middle Eastern oil have dropped. You can presume to build your policies based on supporting authoritarian regimes and apartheid-like states and all the rest of it, and you can get away with it, but does that come back to bite you in the long term? It is said that China will invest The emergence of hypersonic weapons in China and Russia and the delay in the US to build these weapons Influenced Trump administration behaviour to kill New START and focus more openly on a range of missile systems. is soaring with the industrialization and globalization, the world demand per day Over the last century, the Middle East has been the location of ethnic rivalry, political and economic instability, religious conflict, territorial dispute and war. They're using money from American taxpayers and using the money to support other countries instead of trying to better the US economy. No.1 oil-importing country around the world. There are deadly power struggles within and between nations. Karim Makdisi: I think in a sense the United States no longer felt that it had to choose between trying to appeal to some form of Arab nationalist aspirationseven if it's just of the surfaceand just outright saying, "Okay, these are our interests. disappointed to witness the killing of Soleimani in Bagdad. We have no expertise on disease mitigation. security and defense committee made the statements that the US was going to Yes, I think it does. It is about amendments and extensions. The reasons for U.S. involvement in the Middle East are no longer as valid as they once were, and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East is failing to keep up. The 14th, 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments plus a variety of civil rights actsfinally made voting universal in the 20th century. Jon Alterman: But what would help American interests? Russia is now in the advanced stages of deploying these weapons. Andrew Bacevich: Sometimes we say we're for stability. You bet they are. situation of US encounters in Iraq and The Middle East Region. United States military presence. Keeping in view the fate of Japan after the use of atomic devices, the same visuals were awaiting the US, Europeans and Russian citizens; in the run-up to the arms control treaties, both sides experienced a nuclear war scenario in the form of the Cuban Missile Crisis. If the United States had less to do with the region, would that make Americans more or less safe? The New Start has sixteen articles: Article 1. Iraq was As to the reasons for the United States military persistence over the region are nothing more than the following factors. In 2005, after the withdrawal of Syrian military forces from Lebanon and the subsequent election of a pro-Western Lebanese government, the Bush Administration pledged to help the LAF bolster domestic security and to strengthen . I think it does. Yet, its sudden defection after the ABM withdrawal shows that Russia still prefers its strategic capabilities and wont allow the US to take advantage of them in any case. OPEC, the demand mb/d (Million barrels/day) is 98.82, in total 30.3% The outcome: Middle East refugees are having a difficult time whether they are in refugee camps in Turkey, Jordan or elsewhere. It's very much there. Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraqi government. The focus of this debate is the U.S. bombing campaign against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Paul Pillar (right), a former national intelligence officer, with teammate Aaron David Miller, argues that the U.S. should have a smaller military footprint in the Middle East. dramatically. The most obvious example is its It needs careful deliberations from all the stakeholders, bilaterally perceiving the cap on hypersonic missiles will devoid US of vital military tools, to defend itself and its allies. The idea that U.S. interests in the Middle East have decreased, and so should U.S. involvement, has been around for almost a decade. the problems regarding military presence in the region? [1] While the other treaties are about the atomic arms limitations, The Arms Limitation treaties started from the 1972 ABM treaty. New STARTs core articles addressed the complexities of nuclear weapons technology. the balance of power in the Middle East is the problem for the US to maintain a Both US and Russia can plug the gap on this costly arms race, which will bring a huge instability in the current deterrence equation between the two countries adding to the nuclear miscalculation, and also on the part of Russia a new belligerent or nuclear brinkmanship as the United States up until now failed to field its version of the hypersonic missile. As Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu explained on Aug. 25, "Assad's regime isn't acting alone. Of course, part of that was that they were not British. It is about advance notification of any development. Pros and Cons of US Involvement in the Middle East. At the same time, military force presence can deter Iran and presence secures US interest and regional stability. U.S. involvement in the Middle East is an important issue in any presidential election year. [12] Thus putting an end to the hypersonic missiles, or trying to put it under the New START is an unrealistic gamble, because US which is now in the advanced stages of producing the new missiles, will want to dominate other countries militarily, as by entering a bilateral accord on it in the form of New START wont discourage countries, like India, China, and Pakistan from acquiring these weapons, so in its quest to achieve some sort of strategic stability with Russia, while instability and maximising threat in case of other countries getting their hands on these weapons. For the vast majority of them, Palestine was such an important issue and question. Article 11. Other great powers Their sheer numbers have caused some European leaders to limit the number of Middle East refugees who enter their countries. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Another longstanding pillar of U.S. interest in the Middle East is support for Israel. South Asia is home to a number of countries that are grappling with security challenges, including terrorism, separatism, and geopolitical rivalries. On the one hand, the insecurity of a person, a family, and a state In that case, it may be helpful in resurrecting a fallen arms control regime. Americas interest is in overthrowing For instance, the US wants to sanction Iran and this, America will therefore need to keep its forces in Iraq. Additionally, education in the United States is funded annually. U.S. corporations are the gold standard. The United States finds it easy to withdraw from the Treaty and make gains of the weak Russian economy and kick start an offensive strategic programme that, to a higher degree, can put a dent in the Russian strategic arsenal, its employment and deployment strategies. It wasn't just the elites or the military, but there was enormous public resistance to some of our democracy promotion activities. with your subscription to World Politics Review.[marketing]ofie[/marketing]. Good fight. But the announcement of the SDI which later became the Star Wars, made a massive dent in the ABM treaty as the Russian accused the US of acquiring technology which can ensure a mass strike at the Soviet Union without fear of retaliation from Moscow. March 7, 2022. When the Americans basically flip and support the Zionist movement and then the state of Israelby definition at the expense of the Palestinians and the native inhabitants therethen, of course, there's a huge backlash in the Arab world. In . Does it help American interests? The treaty was extended in March 2021 for five years, with an expiry date in 2026. In a recent Wall Street Journal essay, Martin Indyk presented . June 07, 2022. Find out more with your subscription to World Politics Review (WPR). Andrew Bacevich: I would say that there needs to be continuing diplomatic engagementperhaps more creative in the sense that it wouldn't begin with the premise that we are supposed to choose sides in regional disputes. Alright, I'm working on a project for my government class and I need to find some pros and cons of the United States (and other Western Nations) involvement in the Middle East. To find out more, read Is a Coherent U.S. Strategy Possible in a Strategically Incoherent Middle East? 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