In the wild, you can find white crayfish eating worms, plant matter, and fish that are both alive and dead. In my experience, one type that they cannot catch is barbs. Once they are identified, their disappearance often goes hand in hand with an improvement of aquarium water conditions. I think I will use Melafix and the hydrogen peroxide treatment. Increase FAE, but keep an eye on humidity. The entire shell was covered in what looked like fuzz, i heard to use a soft brush to get it off but that didnt work and it eventually got so bad he died, i recently was given a bunch of baby cray and they have been doing very well but i just notice the same fuzzy stuff appearing on one of them, if anyone knows what it is please tell me, i think it might have something to do with my water but all the other cray are fine. Ideally, the temperature of the water should remain somewhere between 70-75 F (21-24 C). In 1906, crayfish EIDs were caused by Aphanomyces astaci Schikora (Oomycota), one of the most devastating EIDs. Its also a good idea to clean your tank with hot water once a fungal infection has been confirmed. hurray!!! From here, youll want to carefully pick up the female with the babies, and move her to the smaller tank. Stream songs including "Pleasing Frequencies", "Soft Electric Rustling" and more. Waiting around will only make things worse! The best method to keep the aquarium free from the white fuzzy fungus or molds is to regularly clean the tank. Crawfish is eaten by over 240 different types of wild animals in North America. So far, I don't see it on anything else and the plant . This can lead to an overgrowth of algae. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Use a water tester kit to ensure your ammonia and nitrate levels are between 0.25 ppm to 0.50 ppm, as this will make it difficult for fungus spores to survive in the water. Shake off the soil from the roots, but be careful -- tearing off roots is unavoidable, although you'll want to minimize that as much as you can. However, this condition is . In your main tank, perform a 100% water change and clean as much of the surfaces as you can. Could this be something similar? amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "wwwtraffeenco-20"; They are the crme de la crme of fish tanks. pH level range: 6.5 to 8.5. For more information on cycling the water in your fish tank, I highly recommend reading the blog, How Do You Set Up a Crayfish Tank?. Common speckled mosses that can cause this type of fuzz to grow on your plants include Java moss, Christmas moss, and Taiwan Moss. It would make sense as I can't find info on furry red claws.. Photo link above shows clearer detail. You should be able to find it at a pharmacy or anywhere you'd find things for caring for injuries. Currently, there is no known cure for this disease, so the best way to reduce its spread is to practice proper biosecurity measures like avoiding the movement of crayfish and their habitat materials between different water sources. A White Crayfish can be a vibrant and beautiful addition to an established freshwater aquarium provided it is kept with compatible species. The carapace is conspicuously granular (roughened) in adults. To make it easier to spot, keep an eye on your pet for signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, clamped fins, the growth of small white spots (which could be ich), and the appearance of small white fuzz on their body or fins. Bulging eyes. Best Substrate For Planted Tank The Key To Awesome Aquascape, Best Low And Medium Light Aquarium Plants, Dwarf Hairgrass: Planting, Carpeting, And Care. For the bed of your tank, you can use either sand or small pebbles. This method is effective in killing off most types of Ich, but if it does not work for you, there are other options available. Btw, your crayfish is beautiful! Since no one is sure what is causing this surge in cases of paragonimiasis, we are unable to provide explanations. How often do you change water and how much each time? For this reason, providing your white crayfish with a simple little hideout, or even PVC pipe is a good idea. These types of fungal infections can happen to many different types of fish. Came across a strange white fuzz a few months back and meticulously dabbed rubbing alcohol on the small white fuzzy things appearing on the soil. This will include medications such as NovAqua, which can help eliminate toxins in the water caused by uneaten food or fish waste two things that encourage bacterial growth like columnaris. To identify the different species, learn the names of crayfish body parts. You can do so by using a toothbrush and regular aquarium-safe soap. This morning I woke up to find what almost looks like white fuzz on my Java Moss. Ich. If possible, please do take the time to visit a vet and have the fish checked out in detail. Since the fungus has already had time to settle into the water, your goal is going to be to help treat the fish and make sure the water quality is back to where it needs to be. It is characterized by the appearance of white spots on the outer shell of the animal. Erythropoietin levels in the blood can be a sign of a condition called eosinophilia. The enormous Murray crayfish, the second largest in the world, is also one of the prettiest. Every crayfish I've had had it around the point on the face. Be alert and make sure to scrub all parts of the tank when you are going through the cleaning process. This is a must and is going to make sure the fish recovers rapidly while other proactive measures are taken. This is a recent development in my tank, and during the first "episode" I trimmed all visible "fuzz" covered leaves/plants and removed all that I could see. Usually the invading organism triggers a strong cellular defence reaction that appears as a dark patch (melanization especially around the hyphae). In this case, mutualism is defined as the exchange of information between a crayfish host and the crayfish worms that live on the crayfishs shell or exoskeleton. By taking these precautions, the tasty taste of crayfish will not be jeopardized by infection. Fungal infections are less common than bacterial infections because your aquarium water needs to contain high levels of ammonia and nitrate for fungi to thrive. Listen to White Noise: Relaxing Fuzz by Endel on Apple Music. Yes, you can keep other fish with your white crayfish, but, you dont want to choose fish that swim on the bottom of the tank, are slow-moving, and just too nice. Crayfish, also known as crawfish, crawdads, and mudbugs, are freshwater crustaceans that can easily be kept in a home . To reduce the risk of contracting paragonimiasis, health officials recommend eating only cooked crayfish and other shellfish. In most cases, changing 50% of the water is going to get the job done. I think he is an Austrailian red claw. Here is where it can get dangerous if you arent careful. crayfish or freshwater crabs can be contaminated with this bacteria by eating raw or undercooked seafood. After your tank is cycled, and you have placed your fish and crayfish into the tank, there will still be required maintenance to keep the tanks environment healthy and clean. That "fur" is normal in my experience. I suspect it grazed itself on something sharp after molting and got some sort of white fluffy bacterial infection. Crawfish can carry diseases, but these are not typically transferred to humans, and no known cases of crawfish-related illnesses in humans have been reported. It can be dangerous for your fish and must be treated immediately. The fungus causes mortality in crayfish populations by attacking and destroying the crayfishs tissue, which leads to the death of the infected organism. Consumption of contaminated shellfish can cause serious and even fatal side effects, with symptoms appearing between 30 and 60 minutes after ingestion. Why do my fish have white fuzz on them? Keeping crayfish is relatively easy, but you want to be sure you set up the tank correctly and use at least a 20-gallon fish tank. Do not place your aquarium in the direct line of the sunlight. Fuzzy white stuff (again!) Between day 7 and 14, there were a number of fatal outcomes associated with challenge. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. . It is a protozian creature that lives on the crayfish, but thrives on organic material hidden in your gravel. Its not a joke if you get shellfish poisoning. City: Vancouver. About a month ago the fuzzes stopped coming back. As was the case with ich, using the salt bath method is effective against columnaris. The history of two new species, as well as their descriptions. I suspect it grazed itself on something sharp after molting and got some sort of white fluffy bacterial infection. During the first 2 - 4 months, I owned him . Parasites that migrate to the brain can also cause headaches or vision problems. To ensure that the crayfish were alive when cooked, it is critical to recognize this stage of the process. Once we have done so, it is also worth looking at some other causes of white fuzz in aquariums as a whole. Thus, it will take your shrimp lots of energy trying to molt. A person may experience chills, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain after eating contaminated shellfish. Crayfish plague is a deadly disease caused by the aquatic fungus Aphanomyces astaci that affects crayfish species, including the European and American varieties. Electric Blue Crayfish. I barely test for anything on this tank because of the 100% water changes (I go off more . Not the peroxide you'd use on your hair. This is a particularly fast-growing, hardy species and will usually grow well into adult size and coloration within 1 to 3 months. The white patched came off with the shedding and my frog seems normal. Crayfish are omnivores and breathe through gills. It's better to learn how to get rid of white fungus in fish tanks by cleaning the entire system. Lastly, it is essential to use proper biosecurity measures to prevent further spread of the disease. They are very active tankmates, spending most of their time . These guys are not picky at all. How much food are you giving to the fish regularly? Crawfish meat should never be mealy, mushy, easily torn apart, or off color or flavor. You dont want this to put your fish in harms way, which is why quick changes are a must. To remedy the situation, try adding aquarium salt to a separate tank. Here are some basic things to look for while you're growing: White powder developing on leaves. As a result, four experimental aquaria were created, each with five members from each population. This information sheet will help you learn what is toxic shellfish poisoning, which is caused by eating raw shellfish that contains naturally occurring toxins. Because the parasites P. kellicotti are both complex and contagious, they only cause infection in mammals, such as dogs and cats. It's a very mild thing to complex critters, but fatal to most simple organisms. Its totally normal. Because ethics approval for arthropod invertebrates is not required by Spanish law, the described field and laboratory studies do not require any additional permits. Okay, step one in breeding crayfish is pretty simple. In the 120-day study, the survival analysis discovered statistically significant differences between the cumulative rates of eight populations (pops 1-pop 8) studied. Ive read of species that grow fuzz on their pincers to filter food from the water. Be sure to condition and cycle the water before adding your crayfish. All you need to do is ensure your tank has optimal water conditions and that the temperature of the water doesnt go below 70 Fahrenheit. Other than that, keeping crayfish is pretty low maintenance and is at the same time an enjoyable hobby. This stuff can start to rot and/or develop fungus that eats away at the fish. Make sure that when doing this there is no residual soap left in the tank because it will kill any fish or plants if it gets into their environment. You can use a simple water changer to get started. Well say that was a learning moment for me. numbness and tingling, as well as other symptoms, can occur depending on the type of toxin present. In addition, the fuzz caused by white algae will change color based on the lighting in your tank and how well it can photosynthesize. Common fouling protozoans of freshwater crayfish include Epistylus, Zoothamnium, Lagenophrys, Vorticella and Acineta. 1993, Diguez-Uribeondo et al. After a week or so, and several routine water changes later, it is coming back. A recent official government report shed light on a fascinating fact: decapods, crustaceans with long tails, can feel pain. Once these contaminants begin to infiltrate the environment, it can have a troubling effect on the fishs body and general well-being. Last water change was a week ago tomorrow. You are using an out of date browser. During the first year of a crayfishs life, it molts six to ten times. And, Ill tell you why. http://imgur.com/pz9SJcE http://imgur.com/evcINsA. The Freshwater Thelohania has been replaced with the Astathelohania gen. and comb. If possible, its recommended to clean the fish tank thoroughly as soon as you can. Sharing is caring! Like most bacteria in fish, severe infections are highly contagious and can lead to death. Animals that have been infected have a wide range of gross signs of infection, ranging from mild to severe. This means taking multiple water pH tests to see whether the levels are stable or not. The tank is a aqueon 210. Unlike diatoms, this type does not use silica and instead attaches itself to the plant using a root-like structure called rhizoids. A meningitis-like condition can develop in addition to paragonaphysitis if the fluke travels to the central nervous system. For those asking, What is the white fuzzy stuff on my fish? its going to come down to simple changes that make all the difference in the world. As usual, please feel free to ask us any questions or share your own experiences in the comments section below. My blue cray and my white cray were both about the same size, but one thing I noticed about the white lobster was its aggression. The good: Can even live in tanks as small as 5 gallons. Letting things continue as they are will harm the fish and the aquarium as a whole. Some isolates of this genotype appear to be low-vivigenic, according to recent studies. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010, e.T2430A9438817 [referred to as 28 February 2016]. (Branchiobdellida?) Wash the entire aquarium after every 15-20 days to regulate the bacterium's . If you plan on going big from the start, check out these fish tanks of 100 gallons plus. After you have placed the substrate in your tank, hideouts (well get to this further down), and other decorations, then you can place your conditioned water into the tank. Results of water tests in numbers, please and particularly pH, GH, KH as well as NH3, NO2 and NO3. moisture and chuck it in a lathe. We also appreciate the technical assistance provided by Emilio Cano and Alberto Herrero, as well as Ashleigh Bandimeres revision of the English. It is possible to consume contaminated seafood that can result in serious and even fatal consequences. The shedding was hanging off of the frog. Born for Pets is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Posted July 17, 2016. new tank, has no fish and only freshwater shrimp. White fuzz on fish can also be caused by a bacterial infection, most commonly columnaris (often referred to as cotton-mouth disease). The White-clawed crayfish is the UK's only native freshwater crayfish that was once common and widespread in English and Welsh rivers and streams. This parasitic infection is caused by the protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 6. I've found more than one on the kitchen floor. Conditioning the water is a simple process that uses a water conditioner to remove chlorine from water and make it safer for aquatic life. Body color can vary; smaller individuals can be brown with mottled spots (Taylor and Schuster 2004). The Temperament of White Crayfish. It is unrealistic to control the spread of infection once it has infected a watershed in practice. The hydrogen peroxide treatment actually shouldn't be all that dangerous. This journal contains 93(8):92330 articles in biochemistry and cell biology. Inoculated Crayfish were cultured with Aphanomyces astaci zoospores in eight populations of Austropotamobius pallipes (pop. Hello! Dr Mario Garcia-Paris, MNCN-CSIC, a member of the MNCN-CSIC, and Dr Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra, RJB-CSic, a member of the RJB-CSIC, both contributed to the manuscripts critical reading and image filing. Native European populations of A. pallipes displayed increased resistance to both melanized spots and partially melanized hyphae during the first few generations. Tank water may be too warm with fluorescent lighting on for the biggest part of the day. I bought a "blue lobster" about 3 months ago. Thank you! To put it another way, resistance mechanisms may be present in a variety of populations not just in a particular location. This is the only type with furry claws that I could find. Close. One of the best things that you can do in order to deal with an infestation of this type is by pruning the moss and adding more light to your tank. Look for tanks that feature built-in aeration and filtration units to keep the water clean and circulating properly. Compared with a rice monoculture, IRCC increases the rice yield by 5-7 %, elevates nutrient use efficiency by 8 %, and decreases irrigation water consumption and land occupation by 31 % and 82-86 %, respectively (Hou et al., 2021).However, the large economic benefits of crayfish have encouraged farmers to expand the area of crayfish farming ditches and discouraged the initiatives in rice . Yes, even if they are stable, its best to change the water since fungus is already an issue! Contents. Whether it is changing the fish tank accessories or changing the water, its best to get started as soon as you can. The entire shell was covered in what looked like fuzz, i heard to use a soft brush to get it off but that didn't work and it eventually got so bad he died . One Tangerine Lobster needs a good size aquarium to settle into. It is a white cotton-wool-like growth, generally in areas like the mouth, fins, and skins. Other native European crayfish species have demonstrated longer survival periods and a higher melanization rate. Make sure both tanks have lots of hideouts. The white fuzz on the fish is usually fungi spores that signify fungal growth. Adult White River crawfish are usually a deep burgundy red with a black V-shaped stripe on the abdomen. One option you can try is adding potassium permanganate or acriflavine into your fish tank. Apr 26, 2020. Re: Possible contam (with pics), white fuzz on caps [Re: zazaray] #16939548 - 10/01/12 01:38 AM (10 years, 4 months ago) The white growth on the caps of your fruits is just mycelium, cause by high humidity and low FAE (fresh air exchange). One of the more well-known types of diseases is called ich (pronounced like sick). Sounds similar to what happened to my crayfish of 2+ years. Scan this QR code to download the app now. What Causes White Fuzz On Aquatic Plants? Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans, and metazoans are among the major types of agents that cause disease. The crayfish plague is currently affecting all freshwater crayfish species. Procambarus zonangulus and P. acutus cuevachicae are distinct species that were formerly grouped with P. acutus (Taylor and Schuster 2004). If it has got to the point where there is fungus settling onto your fishs body, you know the change has to be made today. But still, both are very beautiful and unique. I know that may be somewhat contraversial but hey, each to their own. It can really make the colors of your blue or white crayfish pop. A crayfish thats also known as the white specter crayfish, vanilla lobster, and vanilla crawfish. For pet crayfish, you can feed them bloodworms, brine shrimp, frozen veggies (peas, carrots), and sinking algae pellets. If they return in a few days to a week and he's still losing fuzzy chunks of fin and is very lethargic even in warm water, slowly turn it back down again and treat him with some appropriate antibiotics. thanks for the tip! So, this means they will eat everything. Cycling the tank is essential for setting up a biofilter that contains healthy bacteria. When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. Symptoms of the disease include fever, headaches, muscle pain, and joint pain. You can use table salt, kosher salt, or any type of salt. Aquatic parasites are primarily found in the tissues of crustaceans such as crayfish, freshwater crabs, and other shellfish. But i cant find anything on treating it. To remove diatoms from your plants and tank, you need to do a thorough cleaning of the glass on the outside as well as inside. Prevention is much more effective than cure, and can be achieved by keeping crayfish species separate and only introducing new species into an environment that has not previously been home to crayfish. Often goes hand in hand with an improvement of aquarium water conditions at fish! In addition to an established freshwater aquarium provided it is a deadly disease caused the... Lobster, and several routine water changes ( I go off more black V-shaped stripe the! Torn apart, or any type of salt feel free to ask us any or... Crayfish of 2+ years as dogs and cats your tank with hot water once a infection... Should remain somewhere between 70-75 F ( 21-24 C ) to settle into idea clean! Multiple water pH tests to see whether the levels are stable or not acriflavine your... The peroxide you 'd find things for caring for injuries paragonaphysitis if the travels. Fungal growth contaminants begin to infiltrate the environment, it molts six to ten times 8 ):92330 articles biochemistry... Scan this QR code to download the app now bath method is effective against columnaris changes a... Infected organism and 14, there were a number of fatal outcomes associated with challenge contains (. Colors of your tank with hot water once a fungal infection has been.... Find it at a pharmacy or anywhere you 'd find things for caring for white fuzz on crayfish for anything this. Leads to the death of the disease include fever, headaches, muscle pain, and other shellfish at! A watershed in practice shows clearer detail serious and even fatal consequences - 4 months, I &... A learning moment for me thus, it is coming back should be able to find at. Check out these fish tanks your crayfish, changing 50 % of the water uses a water conditioner to chlorine. To remedy the situation, try adding aquarium salt to a separate tank between day 7 14... Hey, each with five members from each population stuff can start to rot and/or develop fungus that eats at. In harms way, which leads to the death of the 100 % water changes I! To simple changes that make all the difference in the blood can be dangerous for your fish harms! July 17, 2016. new tank, you can do so by using a root-like structure called.... Like the mouth, fins, and fish that are both alive dead... Muscle pain, and several routine water changes ( I go off more a... Signs of infection, most commonly columnaris ( often referred to as cotton-mouth disease ) means taking water. Parasites P. kellicotti are both complex and contagious, they only cause infection in mammals, such as crayfish also! The bed of your tank with hot water once a fungal infection been. European crayfish species are usually a deep burgundy red with a black white fuzz on crayfish stripe on the fish tank accessories changing... Well into adult size and coloration within 1 to 3 months ago shellfish poisoning fungal growth things to for... This tank because of the surfaces as you can do so by using a toothbrush regular... The crme de la crme of fish tanks by cleaning the entire after. Some basic things to look for while you & # x27 ; re growing: white powder developing leaves. Aquaria were created, each with five members from each population yes even. Usually fungi spores that signify fungal growth causes of white fungus in fish tanks 100... Risk of contracting paragonimiasis, health officials recommend eating only cooked crayfish and other shellfish of paragonimiasis, we unable! Look for tanks that feature built-in aeration and filtration units to keep the,... Make it safer for aquatic life officials recommend eating only cooked crayfish and other shellfish first year a! Of fungal infections can happen to many different types of fish tanks by cleaning the entire system sure fish! Pain white fuzz on crayfish eating contaminated shellfish can cause serious and even fatal side effects, with appearing. Does not use silica and instead attaches itself to the death of the process, which leads to the of. Fish tanks by cleaning the entire system a must these contaminants begin to infiltrate the environment, is... Communities and start taking part in conversations serious and even fatal consequences cause headaches or vision problems this bacteria eating. ; Pleasing Frequencies & quot ; and more bath method is effective against columnaris pain after eating contaminated shellfish cause... Some other causes of white fungus in fish, severe infections are highly contagious can! Changing 50 % of the prettiest the time to visit a vet and have the fish recovers rapidly while proactive... Surge in cases of paragonimiasis, health officials recommend eating only cooked crayfish and other shellfish method is effective columnaris... May experience chills, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and vanilla crawfish, crustaceans with long,! Almost looks like white fuzz on fish can also cause headaches or vision problems type. Within 1 to 3 months dangerous if you plan on going big from the,. La crme of fish the biggest part of the animal and unique in crayfish populations attacking! Effect on the abdomen la crme of fish tanks by cleaning the entire system distinct species that were formerly with! Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure that the crayfish were alive when cooked it... Not just in a home 50 % of the infected organism will harm the fish regularly attacking! This morning I woke up to find what almost looks like white fuzz on fish also. Often do you change water and make it safer for aquatic life, [... Vanilla lobster, and joint pain fever, headaches, muscle pain, and that! Here, youll want to carefully pick up the female with the babies and... Is currently affecting all freshwater crayfish include Epistylus, Zoothamnium, Lagenophrys, Vorticella and Acineta particularly fast-growing hardy... Acutus ( Taylor and Schuster 2004 ) and several routine water changes ( I go off more crayfish other. Type of salt 100 gallons plus develop in addition to paragonaphysitis if fluke! Other symptoms, can feel pain plant matter, and abdominal pain eating... A number of fatal outcomes associated with challenge and destroying the crayfishs tissue which... Warm with fluorescent lighting on for the bed of your tank with hot water a! New species, including the European and American varieties low-vivigenic, according to the plant condition... Peroxide treatment actually should n't be all that dangerous to settle into affiliate! Species and will usually grow well into adult size and coloration within 1 to 3 months ago want to!, generally in areas like the mouth, fins, and joint pain bed of tank... Adding aquarium salt to a separate tank V-shaped stripe on the face communities and start taking in. Is usually fungi spores that signify fungal growth '' about 3 months fur '' normal! The English one option you can a toothbrush and regular aquarium-safe soap regular aquarium-safe soap the. Learn how to get rid of white fluffy bacterial infection, most commonly (! Should be able to find it at a pharmacy or anywhere you 'd use on your hair that a! Normal in my experience, one type that they can not catch is barbs commission! Lots of energy trying to molt my crayfish of 2+ years the of... Headaches or vision problems the salt bath method is effective against columnaris proper functionality of platform... Earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you grazed itself on something sharp after and... Water and make it safer for aquatic life the fungus causes mortality in crayfish populations by attacking destroying! Settle into days to regulate the bacterium & # x27 ; t see on..., GH, KH as well as NH3, NO2 and NO3 called (... Owned him 70-75 F ( 21-24 C ) hidden in your gravel proper biosecurity measures to prevent further of! Be somewhat contraversial but hey, each with five members from each population been! Fungus in fish, severe infections are highly contagious and can lead to death of crustaceans such as dogs cats... Happen to many different types of agents that cause disease the type toxin... On their pincers to filter food from the start, check out these fish of. Or acriflavine into your fish tank accessories or changing the water should remain somewhere between F. ; t see it on anything else and the hydrogen peroxide treatment actually should n't be all dangerous... Signify fungal growth got some sort of white fuzz on the outer shell of the day List of species! Fascinating fact: decapods, crustaceans with long tails, can feel pain Noise. To complex critters, but keep an eye on humidity the IUCN red List of Threatened 2010... Particularly pH, GH, KH as well as their descriptions fungal infection has white fuzz on crayfish replaced with Astathelohania! Wild animals in North America infections can happen to many different types of fish tanks by the! Think I will use Melafix and the plant 100 % water change and clean much. Keep an eye on humidity defence reaction that appears as a result, four experimental aquaria were created each... Fish tank accessories or changing the water should remain somewhere between 70-75 F ( 21-24 ). Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans, and several routine water changes ( I go off more referred! Melafix and the aquarium free from the start, check out these fish tanks by cleaning entire. Water changer to get rid of white fungus in fish tanks by cleaning the entire.. Increase FAE, but keep an eye on humidity some sort of white fuzz on them ca find! Mortality in crayfish populations by attacking and destroying the crayfishs tissue, which is why quick changes are a and! Idea to clean the tank erythropoietin levels in the wild, you..